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Objective:To review the categories of physical activities and rehabilitation exercise for aging people based on the theory and method of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). Methods:From the framework and coding of ICF, physical activities, rehabilitation exercise and functional improvement for the aging people were reviewed. Results:There were three typical physical activities: physical fitness, skills and sports, mainly including regular exercises, cognitive amusements, leisure sports activities, recreational sports activities, rehabilitation exercises, etc. Physical activities promoted the functioning of the aging people, including mental function (b1), pain and sensory dysfunction (b2), cardiovascular, blood, the function of the immune system and respiratory system (b4), digestion, metabolism and function of the endocrine system (b5), nerve musculoskeletal function related to movement (b7), the function of skin and related structures (b8), activity (d4), and community, social and civic life (d9), etc., especially body mass index, cardiovascular, physical fitness (muscular strength and endurance, aerobic endurance), balance, flexibility, upper and lower extremities strength, sleep, metabolic capability, cognitive function and anti-aging ability. There were more gains at individual levels, including promotion of subjective happiness, quality of life, reducing depression, risk of sarcopenia, dementia and falling, etc. The environmental and personal factors related to activity and participation in physical activities included the products and technologies (e1), natural environment and man-made changes to the environment (e3), support and interpersonal relationships (e3), attitude, service system and policy (e5), such as urban environment, building environment, street pavement behavior, weather, caregivers, accompany of family and friends, etc. Conclusion:The physical activities and rehabilitation exercise the aged joined include physical fitness activities, skills activities, and sports activities. The physical activities had effects on the rehabilitation of the aged including the function of the body(mental function, pain and sensory dysfunction, cardiovascular, blood, the function of the immune system and respiratory system, digestion, metabolism, and function of the endocrine system, nerve musculoskeletal function related to movement, the function of skin and related structures) and the participation in activities (activities, community, society and civic life). The function of the body works for the health of the aged to promote physical health, mental health, functional health, social adjustment and social well-being.
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Objective:To systematically review and develop the categories in the fields of recreational physical activities and rehabilitation exercise for the children and youth with disabilities based on the theory and method of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY). Methods:The literatures about physical activities and rehabilitation exercise for children and youth with disabilities were retrieved with subject retrieval method, from the database of CNKl, Wanfang Data, PubMed and Web of Science, until December 31st, 2020. The authors, countries, published time, published journals, research objectives, object of the study and their ages, data collection tool, and the key findings were extracted. Results:A total of 1920 literatures were returned, and 26 of them were enrolled, which were published in eleven countries, and mainly from the journals of medicine, public health, exercise and rehabilitation for people with disabilities, and mainly published after 2010. The researches mainly used questionnaire survey, experimentation and measurement methods. There were three typical recreational physical activities: physical fitness activities, skills activities and sports activities, mainly including physical activities in daily life, recreational and leisure activities, sports activities, school physical education courses and rehabilitation training, etc. According to the framework of ICF-CY, physical activities might promote functional recovery for children and youth with disabilities, in b body functions, including bl mental function; b2 sensory function and pain; b4 cardiovascular, blood, the function of the immune system and respiratory system; b5 digestion, metabolism and function of the endocrine system; and b7 nerve musculoskeletal function related to movement; and d activities and participation, including d2 the general tasks and requirements; d4 activity; d5 self-care; d6 family life; d7 interpersonal communication and interpersonal relationship; d8 main area of life and d9 community, social and civic life. The evidences showed benefits of improvement in the fields of gross motor function, muscle strength, balance coordination, walking, running, dexterity and functioning of hand, cardio-respiratory fitness, body composition, and pain relief. Further more, there were gains at improvement of the quality of life, well-being, social support and self-efficacy, taking an active part in all kinds of leisure activities and physical activity, increasing the range of activities, etc. The environmental and personal factors might affect the participation and performance in physical activities for children and youth, including e1 products and technologies, e2 natural environment and man-made changes to the environment, e3 support and interpersonal relationships, e4 attitude, e5 service system and policy, including physical and built environment, assistive technology, activity facilities, transportation, physical accessibility and availability of community leisure and recreational activities, athletic ability, orientation of family activities, family environment, etc. Conclusion:The physical activities may promote the recovery of body function, and activities and participation for children and youth with disabilities. The environmental and personal factors may affect the participation and performance in physical activities.
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Objective:To systematically review and develop the categories in the fields of recreational physical activities and rehabilitation exercise for adults based on the concept and method of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Method:The literatures about recreational or leisure time physical activities and mental health for adults were retrieved with subject retrieval method, from the database of PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI and Wanfang Data, until June 30, 2021. The effects of leisure physical activities on mental health, quality of life and well-being of adults were extracted. Results:A total of 1856 literatures were returned, and 24 out of them were enrolled, which were published mainly from the journals of medicine, public health, exercise and rehabilitation. The researches mainly used questionnaire survey, interview and measurement methods. The types of physical activities involved were leisure time physical activities, leisure time recreational activities, non-leisure time physical activities and non-leisure time recreational activities. According to the framework of ICF, the effects of leisure time physical activities and recreational physical activities on mental health of adults were mainly reflected in body functions, including bl mental function, b152 emotion function, b140 attention function, b144 memory function, b163 basic cognition function, b126 temperament and personality function, b134 sleep function, b130 energy and drive function, b122 overall psychology and society function, b180 self-experience and time experience function, b139 other general mental functions specified and not specified; and activities and participation, including d6 family life, d7 interpersonal communication and interpersonal relationship, d8 main area of life, and d9 community, social and civic life; in terms of burnout, depression, anxiety, perceived stress, risk of depression, attention fatigue, life vigor, self-esteem, positive and negative emotions, mental disorders, insomnia, subjective well-being, life satisfaction and quality of life, etc. Leisure time physical activities and recreational physical activities might improve health-related quality of life and well-being. Some environmental and personal factors might affect the participation and performance in leisure time and recreational physical activities for the adult, including e3 support and interpersonal relationships, e4 attitude, e5 service system and policy, in terms of workload, positive emotion, social support, emotional support, etc. Conclusion:Adults can benefit from leisure time physical activities and recreational physical activities for promoting mental health, quality of life and well-being. These activities are beneficial to emotion, cognition, sleep, happiness, satisfaction and quality of life, etc. It is critical for rehabilitation to integrate leisure time and recreational physical activities into health care, recreation and relaxation, physical and mental health. And it is effective to expand mental health care to improve quality of life and well-being and achieve the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Healthy and Well-being.
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Objective:To establish the framework of physical activity and rehabilitation for the elderly, and systematically review the health and rehabilitation effects of physical activity for the elderly, based on the relevant important documents of World Health Organization (WHO). Methods:The literatures about physical activities and health, quality of life for the older adults were retrieved with subject retrieval method, from the database of CNKI, Wanfang Data, PubMed and Web of Science, EBSCO, Google Scholar until June 30, 2021. This paper reviewed the rehabilitation effects of physical activities on health, quality of life and well-being of older adults through extracting the literature content. Results:There were five typical physical activities: aerobic activity, muscle and bone development activities, improving balance activities and comprehensive activities. The effect of the elderly participating in physical activities on health and rehabilitation was mainly reflected in the improvement of physical and mental health, social adaptation and activity behavior and nutrition. Health and rehabilitation impacts were mainly reflected in increased healthy life expectancy, improved quality of life and well-being. In terms of improving physical health, it can promote physical fitness, chronic diseases and physical function for the aging people. In terms of improving mental health, cognitive function, mood, personality traits and sleep can be promoted. The elderly participating in physical activities was mainly influenced by both personal and environmental factors. Conclusion:Participation in all physical activity by older adults provides health benefits, promoting healthy ageing, improving physical and mental health, facilitating social adjustment and activity behaviors and nutrition and then increasing healthy lifespan, quality of life and well-being. Physical activity is a health-related service, so scientific and reasonable physical activity of the elderly should be enhanced. It is necessary to combine physical activity with rehabilitation services to promote the health, function, well-being and quality of life of the elderly.
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To explore the lung damage caused by repeated inhalation of polyhexamethyleneguanidine (PHMG) disinfectant aerosol and the corresponding toxicological characteristics. Thirty four-week-old mice of C57BL/6N strain were randomly divided into three groups, the control group, low-dose group, and high-dose group. Each group had 5 male mice and 5 female mice. Lab II-level purified water was used in the control group. The PHMG disinfectant aerosol was generated by using the ultrasonic atomization of the aqueous solution containing PHMG. The PHMG concentrations in the low-and high-dose groups were 0.1 mg/ml (0.01%) and 1 mg/ml (0.1%), respectively. The concentration of PHMG in the post-chemical exposure room was 1.03 mg/m(3) and 9.09 mg/m(3) according to the air sampler analysis. The experimental mice were exposed to the PHMG in dynamic respiratory exposure mode for 4 hours every day in 21 days. After 21-day exposure, bronchia alveolus lung fluids (BALFs) were used to evaluate the inflammatory cells in the lungs, and pathological evaluation, special staining and immunohistochemical methods were further performed to evaluate the key indicators of pulmonary fibrosis. Compared to the control group, the body weight of mice in the high-dose group was significantly decreased (0.05), while that of mice in the low-dose group did not significantly differ (0.05). The number of inflammatory cells in BALFs of low-dose exposed mice was slightly reduced, and the lung tissue pathology began to show lung damage with early fibrosis symptoms (0.05). The pathological examination of mice in the high-dose group showed changes in pulmonary fibrosis. Immunohistochemical staining showed that pulmonary fibrosis marker, α-SMA, was significantly increased in low-dose group and high-dose group (0.05). The repeated inhalation of PHMG disinfectant could cause lung damage such as pulmonary fibrosis in mice. It could suggest that special warnings should be given to this common disinfectant and respiratory protection measures should be adopted during industrial production and daily use.
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Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is a high molecular guanidine compound with a broad spectrum of antibacterial effects. Since the outbreak of the 'humidifier disinfectant-induced lung injury' event in South Korea, the respiratory toxicity of PHMG had become a public concern. An epidemiological survey in Korea found that PHMG-containing disinfectants were an important risk factor for pulmonary fibrosis. Animal experiments also showed that the exposure to PHMG through the respiratory tract could cause irreversible fibrosis in the lungs. TGF-β signaling pathway, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and pulmonary inflammation might be the main pathways that could mediate PHMG-induced pulmonary fibrosis. This article provided an overview of the characteristics of population exposure to PHMG and research progress in the field of respiratory toxicology and recommendations for the rational and standard of using PHMG-related products in China.
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Objective:To analyze the general situation and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome characteristics in patients with coronavirus disease-2019（COVID-19） in Anhui province, and to provide a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Method:The 144 cases of COVID-19 patients in Anhui province were collected from designated hospitals by means of multi-center cross-sectional epidemiological survey. The TCM syndrome information collection table of patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia was created to collect the general data, etiology and pathogenesis, pulse and signs, syndrome type and frequency statistics of the patients, and then summarize and analyze the main symptoms and syndrome distribution characteristics of patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. Result:The mean age of 144 patients with COVID-19 infection was （43.54±15.91） years old, and the number of males was larger than the number of females (9/7). The age distribution and gender difference of the patients were statistically significant (P<0.05). 36.11%（52/144） of the patients had a history of travel/residence in Wuhan/Hubei province, and 63.89% (92/144) of the patients had a history of close contact with the confirmed patients. The main clinical manifestations included fever, cough, diarrhea, fatigue and poor tolerance. Light red tongue and red tongue were dominant in tongue quality, with mainly greasy coating, slippery pulse, rapid pulse and soft pulse were the main types of pulse. The main types of syndrome differentiation were the common type (76.38%, 110/144), most of which were demonstrated as dampness obstructing the lung and spleen (56.25%, 81/144). There was no significant difference in gender composition and age distribution between two groups. Conclusion:The pathogenesis of COVID-19 patients in Anhui province is closely related to the lung and spleen, and the dampness caused by pathogen of the epidemic virus is the main pathological factor of disease, which is in line with characteristics of dampness epidemic in TCM, also can see concurrently "heat, poison, stasis" for a characteristic.
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Background@#Estrogen is one of the most important reproductive steroidal hormones and plays a critical role in the maintenance of pregnancy, and its function is mediated by estrogen receptor 1(ESR1). The polymorphisms of ESR1 were involved in recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA); however, the association between ESR1 polymorphisms and RSA remains controversial. The present meta-analysis was aimed to clarify the association between ESR1 PvuII (-397C/T, rs2234693) and XbaI (-351A/G, rs9340799) polymorphisms and the risk of RSA.@*Methods@#All the included articles were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Med Online Database up to January 3, 2018. Data were processed in the Stata 12.0 software. The odds ratios (OR s) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI s) were calculated using fixed-effects models (FEM)/random-effects models (REM).@*Results@#Seven case-control studies with 836 cases and 1164 controls were included in the study. Generally, the ESR1 polymorphisms were not associated with RSA in any of the genetic analysis models. However, it was found that as rs9340799 polymorphism was related to increased risk of RSA in non-Asian group in the homozygous genetic model (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.05-5.50, P = 0.039). Moreover, in Asian group, rs9340799 polymorphism was found to be related to decreased RSA risk in both the heterozygous model (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.33-0.85, P = 0.009) and the dominant genetic model (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.30-0.98, P = 0.042).@*Conclusions@#Generally, there was no significant association between the polymorphisms of ESR1 and the risk of RSA. However, subgroup analysis indicated that ESR1 rs9340799 polymorphism was related to increased RSA risk in the non-Asian group while associated with decreased RSA risk in Asian group.